Electrically Driven Membrane Processes Research Paper

Electrically Driven Membrane Processes - Research Paper Example used for purification of water that does not necessarily require removal of dissolved organic constituents and waters that only requires removal of 3,000 mg/L dissolved solids. Having limited number of rivers to supply fresh water in United Arabs Emirates (UAE), the large amounts of surface water and brackish ground water need to be purified to boost the nation’s fresh water capacity. The UAE government states that drinking water should meet the basic standards set for drinking water. Electrodialysis facilitates wastewater reuse besides providing other myriad economic benefits. Electrodialysis desalting systems are electrically driven and have the capacity to remove high percentage of dissolved salts. According to Loveless, Aamir and Ghaffour, ED systems use membranes that are derived from ion exchange materials and are reinforced by open weave cloth for physical strength (1355). Subjecting the membrane to electrical current makes the solution on one side of the membrane to be partially desalted while that on the other side gets more concentrated hence moving ions from the region of low concentration to highly concentrated region. The present paper is a survey study on the problem of fresh water in UAE and how electrically driven membrane processes can be useful in boosting water supply. Usually, water is a critical resource for human, animal and plant life. However, the biggest percentage of water available contains substances that make it unfit for not only human and animal consumption, but also to support plant life. This survey report was developed as part of the global efforts seeking to shed more light on water re-use and reclamation. The data used was collected over a decade with most of it having been derived from local agencies that plays a role in water recycling. This survey report is strictly designed for educational use and was complied with a view of providing detailed overview of dissolved organic constituents’ management through application of

Introduction to Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Economic - Essay Example All economies in the real world depend on a mixture of both governments and markets to allocation resources efficiently. According to markets, resources are allocated through voluntary choices that are made by all participants in the economy and individuals. On the other hand, governments allocate resources involuntarily and enforce laws, taxation systems, regulations, and restrictions to participants. Question 1 Market and Government Economies Countries may have preferences between the using of governments or markets in allocating resources within their economies; however, it is evident that both markets and governments play an important role in mixed economies. Markets generally involve exchange of goods and services in a manner that is voluntary, since no force used to compel any economic participant in buying or selling items of economic value. A market basically thrives on participants’ willingness and desire to exchange. Pure market economies exclusively use markets to a llocate and distribute resources throughout the economy. Government economies rely on involuntary enforcement to allocate resources through setting of rules and laws to govern a resource allocation system. The rules and laws are mandatory for participants in the economy, and the government has the right to enforce the laws and punish participants who fail to agree with the generally accepted rules and regulations. Participants in the economy follow resource allocation rules and regulations because the government and relevant authorities enforce them. Pure command economies use governments exclusively to allocate resources in their economies. However, such kind of economies precludes theoretical extremes, since they do not actually exist and are not realistic with regards to the real world situation. Both pure market and pure command economies provide a benchmark to facilitate real world economic aspects comparison. Mixed economies are therefore evident in the real world, since both pure market and pure command economies preclude non-existent theoretical ideals, leaving the real world economies somewhere in between the two theoretical ideals. Although the theoretical ideals are non-existent in the real world, their collective contributions are evident in mixed kind of economies. It is important to note that, although mixed economies use both markets and governments to allocate resources, real world mixed economies use more of governments or markets, in accordance to the systems they use. This alludes to economies such as capitalism, which is an economic system that is market oriented, as it uses more of market than government in allocating resources. Similarly, communism and socialism are mixed economies that use more of governments than markets to allocate resources (Greene, 2007, p.46). Mixed economies use government policies, rules, and regulations as an inherent dimension used to pursue economic goals in allocation of resources. Economic goals pursued encom pass societal desires such as the need to achieve full employment, equity, stability of the economy, economic efficiency, and sustainable growth. Through economic policies, governments assume the primary responsibility of pursuing economic goals desired by the economy through assisting, controlling, guiding, and regulating the voluntary market. Government policies are undertaken in form of